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›What's a typical long-run inflation rate?

Roughly 2-3% in most developed economies as a target, but it spikes during shocks (2022-23 hit 8-10%). Historically the US averages ~3%.

›Real vs nominal returns — what's the difference?

Nominal = stated rate of return. Real = nominal minus inflation. A 7% nominal return at 3% inflation = ~4% real growth in purchasing power.

›Why is moderate inflation considered healthy?

It encourages spending and investment over hoarding cash, and gives central banks room to lower rates in a downturn.

›Does this use US CPI or another index?

We use a flat rate you choose — not historical CPI. For historical specific-period calculations check your country's stats office.

›Is the calculator free?

Yes — fully free, no signup, runs in your browser.